The results show that electricity could account for 70–85 percent of heat production in the district heating network, primarily from large-scale heat pumps. To avoid overestimating the role of heat pumps, the study assumes heat pumps with relatively low efficiency (equivalent to the efficiency of air heat pumps).

The paper considered the industrial sector’s need for electricity and hydrogen, charging infrastructure for the transport sector, and the cities’ demand for heat and electricity. The supply of electricity and heat is assumed to come from wind power and nuclear power via power lines into the cities, solar panels, waste heat, combined heat and power, heat storage, and battery storage.

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